@Michael Bronson Apache Kafka uses Zookeeper to select a controller, Zookeeper tracks the status of Kafka cluster nodes and also plays a vital role for serving many other purposes, such as leader detection, configuration management, synchronization, detecting when a new node joins or leaves the cluster, etc.and maintain cluster membership by storing configuration, including the list of topics in the cluster. In order to remain part of the Kafka cluster, each broker has to send keep-alive to Zookeeper in regular intervals. This is something every Zookeeper client does by default. If the broker doesn't heartbeat Zookeeper every zookeeper.session.timeout.ms milliseconds (6000 by default), Zookeeper will assume the broker is dead. This will cause leader election for all partitions that had a leader on that broker. If this broker happened to be the controller, you will also see a new controller elected. In a Kafka cluster, service discovery helps the brokers find each other and know who’s in the cluster; and consensus helps the brokers elect a cluster controller, know what partitions exist, where they are, if they’re a leader of a partition or if they’re a follower and need to replicate, and so on. A controller is not too complex it is a normal broker that simply has an additional responsibility. That means it still leads partitions, has writes/reads going through it and replicates data. The most important part of that additional responsibility is keeping track of nodes in the cluster and appropriately handling nodes that leave, join or fail. This includes rebalancing partitions and assigning new partition leaders. There is always exactly one controller broker in a Kafka cluster. HTH
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