I got the answer myself: this is because of version f-string is available after python 3.1 but I run it in python version 2.6. so got error, now I rewrite the function with out f-string:   def hive_read_func(tables, frames): for table, frame in zip(tables, frames): inner_code = "select * from"+" "+ str(table) globals()["dttf"+str(frame)] = spark.sql(inner_code)     ... View more